What are the physiological functions of the liver?

Liver Functions

The liver performs core roles in digestion, metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis of essential plasma proteins. [1] The liver also processes substances entering from the portal circulation and supplies downstream tissues with metabolites when needed. [2]

Bile Production and Intestinal Digestion

The liver produces bile, which supports digestion of dietary fats. [1] Bile flows through bile ducts to the small intestine, where bile acids facilitate fat emulsification and absorption. [3]

Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism

The liver converts dietary carbohydrates into usable forms for energy production. [2] Excess glucose can be converted to glycogen for storage in the liver and mobilized later to maintain glucose availability. [4]

Lipid Metabolism and Cholesterol Homeostasis

The liver supports fat metabolism by breaking down fats and contributing to energy availability. [2] The liver contributes to cholesterol homeostasis. [5]

Protein Metabolism and Nitrogen Detoxification

The liver converts ammonia, a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea for elimination. [4] The liver synthesizes key proteins involved in systemic physiology, including albumin. [6]

Drug and Toxin Processing

The liver processes drugs and alcohol and removes toxins from the body. [1] The liver detoxifies xenobiotics through metabolic transformations that render substances more excretable. [2]

Storage and Release of Nutrients

The liver stores certain nutrients and releases them according to physiologic needs. [2] The liver acts as a central storage site for glycogen. [4]

Blood delivered to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract is processed, altered, and returned to the circulation or eliminated. [2] The liver produces blood-clotting components, contributing to hemostasis. [1]

Peripheral Endocrine and Immune Support Roles

The liver supports immune-related functions through clearance of substances and participation in systemic regulatory processes. [2]